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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Association for Social Advancement ： ウィキペディア英語版 Association for Social Advancement The non-governmental organisation based in Bangladesh which provides microcredit financing. ==History== The association was established in 1978 by Md. Shafiqual Haque Choudhury and a team of people who were then working for other established NGOs,〔Stiles, K. (2002) International Support for NGOs in Bangladesh: Some Unintended Consequences. World Development. Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 835–846.〕 but who themselves were arguing for a more radical way to alleviate the exploitation of rural villages caused by the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities.〔Rutherford, S. (2009) The Pledge: ASA, Peasant Politics and Microfinance in the Development . New York: Oxford University Press.〕 The founding framework of ASA was aimed at empowering rural landless villagers from the "bottom up" through "people's organizations".〔 These were run by volunteers who advocated that a consciousness for solidarity amongst the village poor would lead to collective social action. ASA has currently over 5.3 million members forming different groups with special emphasis on saving practice and 21,477 employees engaged in disbursing and collecting loans and savings deposits. For many years, ASA sought to combine social development (in health, education, nutrition, and sanitation) with credit provision, but in 1991, these were abandoned, and ASA shifted its focus solely to microcredit lending.〔Kabeer, N., Mahmud, S. & Castro, J.G.I. (June 2010) NGO's Strategies and the Challenge of Development and Democracy in Bangladesh. (Working Paper 2010/343). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.〕 This was because they wanted to stop “donor dependence” and become specialised and financially self-sufficient. Since then, it has become a fully self-sufficient microfinance institution – operating mainly in Bangladesh, but with presence in Africa and South America. ASA offers financial services to including micro-credit, small business credit, regular weekly savings, voluntary savings and life insurance – and aims to follow a simple, standardised, low-cost system of organisation, management, savings and credit operations.〔 It was initially funded by donors, then some small commercial bank loans, then low-cost loans from a subsidised wholesaler, and finally from client deposits and retained earnings. The core service has remained the low-value year-long weekly-repayment loan. ASA has not had to undergo large-scale internal reorganisation or training because the basic product and its delivery have remained largely unchanged. Also, savings from clients are used to provide security against default by protecting the small loan portfolio, instead of being used in more risky ventures like raising capital. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Association for Social Advancement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.